Validating the Minnesota Level of Supervision/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)
Abstract
The Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) is one of the most widely used risk and needs assessment tools in corrections. Developed in Canada, the LS/CMI is designed to predict recidivism risk and guide case management decisions. Research consistently shows that assessment tools perform differently when applied in new jurisdictions due to differences in population characteristics, policy environments, and implementation practices. As a result, best practice requires periodic local validation to ensure tools remain accurate and aligned with operational needs. Using data from 131,899 assessments conducted in Minnesota between 2012 and 2022, along with qualitative input from probation staff across 43 agencies, this study evaluated the LS/CMI’s usability, reliability, predictive validity, and functionality. Findings indicate that the LS/CMI achieves weak-to-moderate predictive performance for general and violent recidivism. Yet the tool demonstrates excellent inter-rater reliability. However, the evaluation identifies consistent overprediction of risk, bias across demographic groups, and substantial variation in how the tool is implemented across counties. The findings suggest that the LS/CMI’s performance reflects both the strengths of practitioner implementation and the limitations of a tool that is not optimized for Minnesota’s probation population. The results point to clear opportunities to improve accuracy, equity, and practical utility through recalibration, standardization, and consideration of locally developed assessments.
Zachary Hamilton
Professor
My research centers on innovation in risk and needs assessment development.
John Ursino
Ph.D. Candidate
My research focuses on advancing evidence-based practices in criminal justice. Primary areas of research include evaluating and constructing risk-need assessments to enhance decision-making processes, addressing challenges related to prison and jail crowding, and exploring correctional system reforms.
Yujin Kim
M.A. Student
My research interests focus on the opioid overdose crisis and evolving drug policy responses, particularly in relation to criminal justice systems.